The phrase "Midnight Judges" is associated with which case?

The phrase "Midnight Judges" is associated with which case?

• A. Marbury v. Madison
• B. Fletcher v. Peck
• C. Barron v. Baltimore
• D. Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer: (A)

Midnight Judges refer to the last‑minute judicial appointments John Adams tried to push through before leaving office, in an effort to shape the federal judiciary. The case that ties most directly to that phrase is the one arising from those moves, where William Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court after his commission wasn't delivered by the new administration. The Court’s decision is famous for establishing judicial review—the power of the Supreme Court to strike down laws or executive actions that conflict with the Constitution. That link to the era of hurried appointments and the dispute over delivering commissions is why this phrase is associated with Marbury v. Madison. The other cases involve different issues: Fletcher v. Peck about contracts and property rights, Barron v. Baltimore about the reach of the Bill of Rights to the states, and Gibbons v. Ogden about federal authority over interstate commerce.

Midnight Judges refer to the last‑minute judicial appointments John Adams tried to push through before leaving office, in an effort to shape the federal judiciary. The case that ties most directly to that phrase is the one arising from those moves, where William Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court after his commission wasn't delivered by the new administration. The Court’s decision is famous for establishing judicial review—the power of the Supreme Court to strike down laws or executive actions that conflict with the Constitution. That link to the era of hurried appointments and the dispute over delivering commissions is why this phrase is associated with Marbury v. Madison. The other cases involve different issues: Fletcher v. Peck about contracts and property rights, Barron v. Baltimore about the reach of the Bill of Rights to the states, and Gibbons v. Ogden about federal authority over interstate commerce.